1. Gender, Neighborhood vs HIV

The number of HIV diagnoses is apperently higher among male subgroups than female in all neighborhoods. Beford Stuyvesant - Crown Heights have the highest total HIV diagnoses and highest female HIV diagnoses cases. Chelsea - Clinton ranks first in male HIV diagnoses. Bayside - Little Neck has lowest number of HIV diagnoses for both male and female.

2. Gender, age vs HIV

As is shown in Figure.2, in every age range, HIV incidence rate in male is significantly higher than that in female population. The potential explaination could be the gender differences with respect to HIV/AIDS depend on patterns of disease transmission. Most infections occurred in adults aged 20 to 29 years, and the incidence porpotion declines as the increase of age.

3. Gender, race vs HIV/mortality

From Figure 3.1, by race/ethnicity, black men/women have the highest rates of new HIV infections among all men/women. Whereas the incidence rate among Asian/Pacific Islander is the lowest given the study population in NYC. This is because some race population groups have higher rates of HIV in their communities, thus raising the risk of new infections with each sexual or drug use encounter. Plus, social, economic, and demographic factors of various race group—such as stigma, discrimination, income, education, and geographic region—could also affect their risk for HIV.

However, in Figure 3.2, if we compare the plot of HIV Incidence with the plot of HIV related death rate, we will notice that although the HIV incidence in male is much higher than female, the HIV related death rate in women is higher than that of men in some race, like White and Latino/Hispanic. We can draw the conclusion that women infected with HIV disease are more vulnerable than men with HIV disease. Other possible explaination could be male are more likely to get access to the HIV treatment than women, reflecting the gender inequality of social status.

4. HIV diagnoses in borough with most HIV over years

Figure 4 shows the overall declining trend of total HIV incidence among study population in NYC from 2011 to 2015. The decrease in male is much significant than in female, and not very obvious in transgender group for their low base account. The downward trend in HIV incidence rate reflects the improvment of public health practice affect the HIV incidence rate through repeated exposure to counseling (such as the promotion of condom use or safe sex or other prevention messages) and the advances in HIV treatments.

5. Income vs HIV

## [1] -0.2791455

Interpretation: the correlation between hiv_diagnoses and mid_income is -0.2791455, which indicates overall HIV incidence decreases as the overall median income increases.

In Figure 5, it is obvious that the points are mostly concentrated in low income neigbourhood and the number of HIV diagnoses in high average income area( > 60000/year) centered in less than 1000 cases/neigbourhood. This result is exactly what we expected, because low-income community are tend to have insufficient healthcare supply, less insurance coverage, poor education level and inadequate epidemiology awareness, which could jointly cause the relatively high HIV incidence. So, we intend to advocate the related authorities to spare more public health resource in low-to-median-income neigbourhood to raise public awareness of HIV prevention knowledge and increase budgets of medical facilities in those areas.

Limitations:

We can not visualize the effect of age and race simultaneously.